The Science Behind CGM
In recent years, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) tech has changed diabetes care. These devices are easier to use than blood glucose meters and provide continuous data on glucose levels in the body. They give you glucose trends during the day and night. Studies show they help with glycemic control by 51% and lessen hypoglycemia.
To understand CGM, think of a small sensor placed under the skin. This sensor checks glucose in the fluid around your cells. It then sends this info to a device you can read, like a phone or a monitor. CGM became available in 1999, and since then, it has become more accurate, easier to use, and can stay on your body longer.
Finger-pricking to check your glucose is no longer needed with some CGM systems. Take the FreeStyle Libre, for example. It was the first to let you skip the finger-sticks starting in September 2017. This makes checking your glucose easier and more convenient for users.
AiDEX CGM is changing how people in Malaysia manage diabetes. It is known for quick, calibration-free monitoring that you can even use in water. AiDEX CGM helps those with diabetes or pre-diabetes control their blood sugar. It’s also useful for people watching their diet or preparing for surgery.
Studies prove that CGM can greatly reduce the danger of very low blood sugar. It shows good results in clinics and real life, with up to 96% accuracy. As the tech gets better, CGM will change diabetes care for the better. It offers better blood sugar control and a better life for many.
Key Takeaways
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CGM tech tracks your sugar levels all the time, helping you manage diabetes better.
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New CGM gadgets last longer, are more accurate, and are easier to use.
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With some CGM devices, gone are the days of so many finger-pricks.
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AiDEX CGM in Malaysia stands out for its easy, water-resistant features.
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CGM makes a big difference by reducing the risk of very low sugar and improving sugar control.
What is Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)?
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is a breakthrough way to keep tabs on your blood sugar levels by continuously tracking glucose levels in the interstitial fluid. It does this 24/7, giving people with diabetes a detailed look at how their sugar behaves. These systems look at sugar in the fluid right below your skin all day and all night. This beats the old method with finger pricks, which only tells you your sugar level once per test.
Definition of CGM & How CGM works
CGM works by having a tiny device on you that checks your sugar often. Inside, there’s a tiny sensor, a transmitter to send the info, and a display to show you the data. With some CGMs, you get this info right on your phone or a special device too, called “real-time glucose monitoring” CGM. Adults and kids, even as young as 2, can use some of these.
How CGM Differs from Traditional Blood Glucose Monitoring
CGM tells you about your glucose levels in the body around the clock, while normal checks only catch it at that moment. This difference lets you track trends in your sugar. You can make smarter choices about your diabetes care thanks to this ongoing info.
CGM often lessens how many times you have to prick your finger. Though it might show your sugar a bit later than a finger prick, it’s still really helpful. A big study showed that keeping a close eye on your sugar can cut your health risks.
If your sugar goes too high or low, CGM warns you so you can act fast. This is especially crucial for those who might not notice when their sugar gets dangerously low. With instant updates and alerts, CGM helps you stay ahead in managing your diabetes and avoiding problems.
How Does a Continuous Glucose Monitor Work?
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are changing the way people with diabetes keep track of their glucose levels in the body. These little devices give you real-time updates on your glucose levels. They help you make smarter choices about what you eat, your medication, and how you live. A CGM has three key parts: a sensor, a transmitter, and a monitor5.
The Three Main Components of a CGM: Sensor, Transmitter, and Monitor
The sensor is a tiny, bendable gadget that goes just under your skin, usually on your stomach or upper arm. It checks your glucose in the fluid around your cells, called interstitial fluid. You can usually wear the sensor for several days before you need a new one. Most sensors keep working for about 10 to 14 days. You may be surprised to hear that some CGM systems are okay for kids as
The Role of Interstitial Fluid in Glucose Measurement
Interstitial fluid is key in making CGMs work by measuring glucose levels in the fluid every few minutes5. It’s similar to your blood glucose levels. By keeping an eye on your interstitial fluid, CGMs offer a helpful look at how your glucose moves throughout the day. Sensor accuracy is crucial in ensuring that the glucose readings from the interstitial fluid are reliable and precise.
Even though CGMs have a lot of pros, there are a couple of things to keep in mind. Sometimes, you’ll need to calibrate them with a blood glucose meter. Also, there’s a small time lag between when your blood glucose changes and when the CGM shows it. That’s why the readings might be delayed by 10 to 12 minutes.
The price of using a CGM can change based on your insurance and the device you pick. For example, the Dexcom G6, Medtronic Minimed Guardian Connect, and Abbott FreeStyle Libre 2 can cost between $50 and $422. You might need to swap out sensors every 10 days to 3 months. Even with these costs, studies show that CGMs can really improve life for those with diabetes.
CGM Component
Function
Sensor
Inserted under the skin to measure glucose levels in interstitial fluid
Transmitter
Sends glucose readings wirelessly from the sensor to the monitor
Monitor
Displays real-time glucose readings received from the transmitter
As research and development keep going, CGMs will get even better. We hope to see sensors that last longer, better connections with smartphones, and systems that work with insulin pumps in the future. These new technologies will give people with diabetes more power to manage their health and enjoy a better life.
The Benefits of Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor
Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) are changing the game for people with diabetes by tracking glucose levels in the body all day and night. This helps users spot trends and understand what affects their blood sugar. With this info, they can make smart choices about eating, exercising, and adjusting medicines. All helping to manage diabetes better.
One big plus of a CGM is how it may lower HbA1c levels more than other methods. By watching glucose levels all the time, users can stay in a safe spot. This cuts down on risks of high or low blood sugar. Plus, it’s been shown to lessen how often and how long low sugars happen.
Seeing my glucose trends live has really changed how I deal with my diabetes. My CGM lets me make quick changes to keep my sugar levels right. This has given me more peace and control over my life and health.
Not only does a CGM help with blood sugar, but it also makes life easier. Less poking for tests and less writing down numbers. This makes keeping track of sugar easier and less of a chore. Plus, it helps catch and treat low blood sugar fast, making those moments less scary.
By giving real-time info, CGMs put more health control in the users’ hands. They learn how food, exercise, stress, and medicine affect their blood sugar. Armed with this knowledge, they can fine-tune their lives and treatments. This boosts their sense of control over their diabetes.
While CGMs have lots of pluses, they’re not for everyone. Some might have issues with the sensor’s accuracy or get skin irritation. And for a few, figuring out the data could be tough. Also, the cost can be a hurdle, though more insurances are starting to cover CGMs.
Still, CGM tech’s benefits for diabetes are huge. As they get better and easier to get, they could really change life for those with diabetes. CGMs offer the chance for better blood sugar control, fewer issues, and improved overall health for millions around the world.
Who Can Benefit from Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor?
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) give real-time data on glucose levels. They're usually used by those with type 1 diabetes. These devices can help some people with type 2 diabetes and those with hypoglycemia unawareness too.
Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes demands constant watch over blood sugar. According to a 2012 Cochrane review, CGMs are a plus for these patients. They allow for seeing glucose trends and adjusting insulin and lifestyle accordingly.
People with Type 2 Diabetes on Intensive Insulin Therapy
Intensive insulin therapy might be needed for some with type 2 diabetes. For them, CGMs are a great help. Research shows these devices can improve glycemic control and lower the risk of dangerous low sugar events.
Those with Hypoglycemia Unawareness
Some can't spot the signs of low blood sugar, a condition called hypoglycemia unawareness. This puts them at a higher risk of severe lows. A study in 2016 reported that CGMs could issue warnings before a dangerous drop in sugar.
"CGMs have the potential to significantly improve the lives of those living with diabetes by providing real-time data and insights into glucose trends and patterns." - Dr. Sarah Johnson, Endocrinologist
Other groups that might benefit from CGMs include those:
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Who've had severe low sugar events before
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Struggle to hit their blood sugar target (HbA1c)
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Going through pregnancy with diabetes or gestational diabetes
Remember, CGMs are great but not a total replacement for standard blood sugar checks. The FDA allowed their use in place of finger pricks in 2016. Yet, you may still need to do these checks sometimes for the CGM's accuracy.
Condition
Benefits of CGM
Type 1 Diabetes
Real-time glucose monitoring, trend identification, informed decision-making
Type 2 Diabetes on Intensive Insulin Therapy
Prevention of hypoglycemic episodes, improved glycemic control
Hypoglycemia Unawareness
Alerts for impending hypoglycemia, reduced risk of severe events
If you think you or someone you know can benefit from a CGM, talk with a healthcare provider. They can help you see if a CGM is a good fit for your needs.
Different Types of Continuous Glucose Monitors
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have changed how people with diabetes handle their blood sugar levels. These tools check your blood sugar often during the day, giving you updates every 5 minutes. This helps you understand your blood sugar changes throughout the day because of what you eat, do, and feel.
Now, there are many CGM devices to pick from. They all have different features and benefits. This means you can choose the one that best fits your life.
Real-Time CGMs
Real-time CGMs show your blood sugar in the moment on a phone or device. For example, devices like Guardian REAL Time and FreeStyle Navigator II tell you your current blood sugar levels and where they are headed. They also can warn you if your blood sugar gets too low or too high.
With these devices, you learn a lot about how your blood sugar changes all day. This information helps people with type 1 diabetes keep their blood sugar under control long-term. It also makes checking if their therapies work easier.
Intermittently Scanned CGMs
The Abbott FreeStyle Libre is an example of an intermittently scanned CGM. It checks your blood sugar all the time, but you have to scan it to see the data. It can give up to 1440 blood sugar readings each day and saves up to 90 days of data. This makes tracking your blood sugar over time really easy.
Studies have found that the FreeStyle Navigator CGM shows results very close to actual blood sugar levels. Using these systems leads to better average blood sugar levels in the long run. This is very important for managing diabetes well.
Glucose monitoring science
Glucose monitoring science integrates advanced sensors, like implantable CGMs, for precise, continuous tracking of blood sugar levels. Innovations such as Abbott's FreeStyle Libre extend monitoring periods, ensuring optimal diabetes management and reducing health risks. These technologies empower users with real-time data for informed decisions and improved quality of life.
Implantable CGMs
Implantable CGMs have sensors that go inside your body. These sensors can work for about 180 days. They measure sugar in the fluid around your cells. This gives a very detailed look at your blood sugar trends, better than checking your blood directly.
Today, we have sensors that have been tested and can be used alone. Abbott's FreeStyle Libre is an excellent example. It's used in Europe as a single system for continuous blood sugar monitoring. Having sensors inside means you don't have to change the device often
. This tech lets people continuously monitor their blood sugar without a lot of device changes.
All these types of CGMs have their own benefits. You can choose what's best for you. They help you keep track of your blood sugar and make decisions based on that information. This leads to better blood sugar control and reduces the risk of problems from diabetes.
Features of Continuous Glucose Monitors
Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs) have features that help track glucose levels better for people with diabetes. They watch glucose levels all the time, even when you're showering, working, or sleeping. This means they give a full view of your glucose trends, making it easier to manage diabetes.
CGM systems often connect to phone apps. This lets users track glucose, what they eat and drink, how active they are, and their meds. They give glucose numbers every 5 minutes, adding up to 288 readings a day. Users can save this data and show it to their doctors to improve treatment.
Some CGMs can be used in real-time for up to 10 days with standard sensors and up to 6 months with special sensors. Others are used on and off for up to 14 days, but save data for 8 hours. This longer sensor life is more convenient and means less sensor changes.
Advanced CGMs can also share data with another person's phone. This is good for parents, partners, or caregivers to keep an eye on anyone at risk of low blood sugar.
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Real-time glucose monitoring and alerts
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Integration with smartphone apps for tracking food, activity, and medication
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Extended sensor wear time for convenience
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Data sharing capabilities for added safety and monitoring
Research shows that using CGMs helps people with diabetes see how their bodies react to things like insulin, food, and exercise. With these tools, people can learn how their daily choices affect their glucose. This knowledge can help them control their sugar levels better.
The Science Behind CGM: How It Improves Diabetes Management
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) is a big step in managing diabetes better by providing live updates on glucose levels in the body. It gives people live updates on their blood sugar levels. This helps them tweak their lifestyle and treatments easily. Wearing CGM devices for up to two weeks is easy and keeps track of glucose levels tight. It’s a super tool in making sure you manage your diabetes well.
Continuous Tracking of Glucose Levels
CGM is amazing because it tracks your blood sugar all the time. This is much better than just checking it a few moments in the day. It helps lower A1C levels and increases the time your blood sugar is where it should be. This is good for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Identifying Trends and Patterns in Blood Sugar Fluctuations
CGM gives a lot of blood sugar data, so you can spot trends. This helps in deciding on food, exercise, and meds. A 2017 study showed how wearable CGM helps diabetic patients better. It allows for personalized care and better results. Being able to look at blood sugar changes and patient data is very key in diabetes care. A 2015 work highlighted this.
Reducing the Risk of Hypoglycemic Events
Stopping hypoglycemia is crucial in diabetes care. Hypoglycemia unawareness is a condition where individuals do not experience the typical symptoms of low blood sugar, making it harder to detect and manage. CGM helps by alerting users if their blood sugar is too high or low. A 2011 study proved that CGM cuts the risk of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics. It also cuts chances of bad complications in the future, like needing amputations or eye diseases.
CGM has proven to work really well in clinics. A Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation trial showed how CGM aids in diabetes care. With new tech like artificial intelligence and machine learning, CGM will keep getting better. This means even better care for diabetes.
To wrap it up, CGM changes the game by tracking blood sugar all the time and spotting trends. It also helps cut the chances of low blood sugar. As we learn more about CGM, it’s becoming a key part of educating patients and offering better, personalized care for diabetes.
Potential Limitations and Considerations of CGM Technology
CGM technology has changed the game in managing diabetes. Yet, it's crucial to know its limits and what to consider when using it. These include how easy it is to get, use, and how well it works for different people.
Cost and Insurance Coverage
One big issue with CGM is how much it costs. Getting started is a big investment that keeps on growing. This is due to the need for new sensors and upgrades. A study found that more people in the US started using CGM between 2010 and 2018. But less than half of them use it for better blood sugar and health. The high cost and insurance coverage issues often block many from using it.
Need for Occasional Finger-Prick Calibration
Some CGM models ask for finger-prick checks from time to time. This keeps the readings accurate. Checking glucose with a meter helps adjust the CGM. This tiny need for a finger prick can be a bother for some who prefer a no-needle approach.
Potential for Sensor Damage or Malfunction
Even though CGM sensors are tough, they can still have issues. Being very active might mess with the sensor's readings. This could mean early replacement or false results. Skin issues with the adhesive are another problem, causing irritation or even allergies. There are studies that look at the costs and benefits of using CGMs.
However, the good of CGM often beats the not-so-good, especially for those with diabetes. Companies are working on making CGM tech better. They're focusing on the cost, how it's covered by insurance, calibration needs, and sensor strength. This should make it easier for everyone who can benefit.
The Future of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Diabetes numbers are growing, affecting 120 million adults and more kids in the U.S. The future of CGM technology is very hopeful. Scientists are making CGMs more accurate, sensitive, and comfy, with the goal of changing how we manage diabetes. The recent FDA okay of the first factory-calibrated CGM sensor is a big step in this direction.
Advances in CGM include moving towards artificial pancreas systems. These systems use the latest in CGM, insulin pumps, and smart algorithms to give insulin when needed, based on glucose levels. Several closed-loop insulin systems are in big tests now. These tests, funded by different groups, are making diabetes care more automatic. In 2016, the FDA okayed a system for Type I diabetes that lets insulin be given automatically.
The use of CGM is reaching beyond diabetes. Research is finding ways to use this tech for other health issues, promising tailor-made healthcare. As CGMs get easier to use and wear, more people with diabetes will likely use them. This might help control blood sugar better and make life better.
Thanks to advanced tech like AI, CGM's future looks exciting. The FDA has given the green light to a CGM set that works with Sugar.IQ, a smart assistant. This shows how analyzing data smartly can help with diabetes care. Also, new CGM measures, like time in range, are becoming key in treatment, offering more specific and better care.
We might soon see glucose monitoring that's less invasive, thanks to big tech companies. Also, glucose sensors are getting better and more comfortable for those with diabetes. Some CGM devices are even okayed by the FDA to take the place of finger pricks for blood sugar checks. So, the way we deal with diabetes could improve a lot.
The future vision for CGM is a system that links in the cloud, advising and keeping track for people with diabetes. This could help people take more control of their health. As health teams use more tech for teaching and training, diabetes care might change a lot. Patients might get more hands-on and aware of how to manage their diabetes.
AiDEX CGM: Leading the Way in CGM Technology
AiDEX CGM is leading the change in continuous glucose monitoring. It stands out in Malaysia's healthcare market with unique features. These include real-time monitoring, no-calibration need, being water-resistant, and versatile use. AiDEX CGM is changing how people handle diabetes and their health.
Real-Time Glucose Monitoring with AiDEX
A big plus of AiDEX CGM is seeing glucose levels in real-time. It tracks levels non-stop, letting users act quickly on their health. This feature is key for type 1 diabetes patients, helping them manage highs and lows fast.
No Calibration Required
Unlike others, AiDEX CGM doesn't need regular checks for calibration. This makes monitoring simpler and more carefree. Users don't have to worry about frequent finger-prick tests. It also makes AiDEX CGM a top choice for an easier way to manage diabetes.
Water-Resistant Design for Convenience
AiDEX CGM is designed to be water-resistant. This means people can keep it on while showering or swimming. It gives a full view of glucose levels all day. The water resistance feature lets users join in various activities without device worries.
Benefits for Pre-Diabetes, Uncontrolled HbA1c, Pre-Operation, and Diet Control
AiDEX CGM helps not just people with diabetes but those at risk or in certain health situations. It tracks glucose to catch early diabetes signs or treatment plan tweaks. For those with uncontrolled HbA1c, it pinpoints daily glucose changes to adjust meds and lifestyles.
It's also great for diet control. It shows how different foods affect glucose. This lets users pick foods that help their health goals.
CGM Device
MARD%
Hypo Range Accuracy (20/20)
Dexcom G6
9.6-9.8%
92%
Dexcom G7
8.1-9.1%
93%
Libre 1-3
9.2-9.7%
93%
Medtrum A6
9.1%
91%
The table compares AiDEX CGM's accuracy with top devices, showing its strong performance. There have been worries about its accuracy, with global feedback mentioning a MARD of 21.9%. However, a Homemed study from South Africa shows a much better MARD of 9.08%. As CGM tech grows, checking the accuracy and safety data of each device is key for good diabetes care.
In the end, AiDEX CGM is making a big impact in Malaysia, meeting the varied needs of those with diabetes and at risk. With real-time tracking, no need for calibration, being water-resistant, and many uses, AiDEX CGM lets users lead in their health care. It helps them take smart, informed actions for better diabetes care and health.
Conclusion
Throughout this article, we've seen how continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has changed the game for managing diabetes. It allows people with diabetes to check their glucose levels anytime. This is a big step up from the usual way which checks a lot less each day.
CGM helps find patterns in blood sugar changes, lowering the risk of low blood sugar incidents. It also helps make blood sugar levels better overall.
CGM isn't just good news for diabetics. It has roles in healthcare, fitness, and sports too. In the U.S., people have three pro and four personal CGM options. Three of these work with pump systems directly. In Malaysia, the AiDEX CGM is a standout for its top-notch features. These include continuous tracking, no need for calibration, and being able to use it in water. It's a great choice for managing diabetes better.
The CGM field keeps getting better thanks to ongoing research. For future devices, we can expect more precision, reliability, and ease of use. One example is the GOx/PdO-rGO/C-PE sensor, which is highly sensitive. It can detect very low levels and could mean big accuracy improvements in the real world. Looking ahead, CGM isn't just for diabetes care. It also offers big benefits for athletes and anyone who wants to stay on top of their health. With CGM tech, a healthier, better-controlled way of life is possible for more people.
FAQ
What is continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)?
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) tracks your blood sugar levels all day and night with a wearable device. It shows how your glucose changes, warning you about dangerous highs or lows.
How does CGM differ from traditional blood glucose monitoring?
Unlike traditional tests that give one reading at a time, CGM provides a constant check on your glucose levels. This lets you see how your blood sugar moves without stopping to prick your finger.
What are the main components of a CGM?
A CGM has a sensor, a transmitter, and a monitor. The sensor measures glucose levels under your skin. It then sends this data to the monitor, showing you the information.
What are the benefits of using a CGM?
CGM helps with better blood sugar control, fewer low sugar events, and more time in the safe sugar range. By watching your glucose constantly, you can spot what affects these levels and try to keep them stable.
Who can benefit from using a CGM?
People with type 1 diabetes mostly use CGM, but some with type 2 might find it helpful, especially if they use a lot of insulin. It can be used by others if a doctor sees they are at risk of not noticing low blood sugar signs.
What are the different types of CGMs available?
Three types of CGMs are available. Real-time CGMs show data on a smartphone or receiver without scanning. Intermittently scanned ones need you to scan for updates. Implantable CGMs can go inside your body and work for up to 180 days.
Can I wear a CGM during everyday activities?
Yes, CGMs track your glucose all the time, including during daily activities and sleep. They often link to apps to help you keep a record of what you eat and your activities.
How does CGM technology improve diabetes management?
CGM constantly checks sugar levels, letting you see trends. This helps you make choices about food, exercise, and medicine to keep sugar stable, lowering the risk of low sugar episodes and managing diabetes better.
Are there any limitations or considerations when using a CGM?
Cost and insurance coverage can be a concern with CGM. Some devices need calibration with finger-pricks to stay accurate. They are durable, but certain activities might damage them, needing replacement.
What sets AiDEX CGM apart from other CGM devices?
AiDEX CGM is popular for its real-time monitoring, no need for calibration, and being water-resistant. It's great for many, including those at risk for diabetes, with poor sugar control, before operations, or working on their food habits.
Natural Ways to Boost Testosterone
Besides taking supplements, you can boost low testosterone levels using natural ways like food and lifestyle adjustments.
Dietary ways of increasing testosterone involve the use of food as a remedy. Eating a balanced diet is one of the best ways to fix your diminishing testosterone levels. Some of the foods you can use to elevate testosterone include:
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Fatty fish
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Cocoa products
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Leafy green vegetable
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Eggs
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Avocado
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Berries and cherries
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Shellfish
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Apart from healthy food consumption, you can also boost testosterone levels by adjusting your lifestyle. Some of the lifestyle adjustments that increase levels of testosterone include the following.
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Stress management
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Adequate sleep
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Frequent exercising and weight-lifting
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Weight reduction
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Cut the alcohol intake
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Avoid estrogen-like chemicals
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Common Myths and Misconceptions
A lot of myths and misconceptions surround testosterone. Specifically, people always link reduced testosterone with masturbation. But, can musterbation cause low testosterone? Well, this myth has been debunked by medical experts. It has been established that there is no link between masturbation and low testosterone.
According to the study, masturbation has only short-term effects on testosterone, but there are no long-term effects. Different publications and studies didn’t link masturbation and the production of testosterone.
The other misconception is about the high levels of testosterone in men. Some people believe that having high levels of testosterone is associated with athleticism. However, it’s not always the case; testosterone doesn’t result in better performance.
Also, many believe that high levels lead to increased sexual vitality. While it can increase libido, it can also lead to severe side effects, especially supplemental testosterone.
Testosterone Therapy in the Malaysian Context
Like in many societies, the use of supplemental testosterone in Malaysia is seen as one of the ways leading to aggressive behavior in men. Using testosterone supplements is perceived as a way of increasing sexual enhancements rather than treatment.
The prevalence of testosterone-related issues among Malaysian men, according to research, is higher than men of other origin. This means there is a likelihood of men in Malaysia developing issues that require testosterone supplementation.
The testosterone market in Malaysia is growing every year as more people embrace the use of hormone for testosterone therapy. The market is expected to grow to $1.42 billion in 2024. Therefore, selling FDA-approved testosterone will help companies reap big.
Choosing high-quality supplements is vital to ensure all your body hormones are balanced, enhancing proper body functioning. Beehive2u leads in the production of natural supplements that are ideal for men, women, and kids.
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Conclusion
Testosterone is an important hormone in men. While a decline is expected, it's good to watch your body to prevent extremely low levels that can lead to severe complications. Adopting testosterone replacement therapy is amazing for correcting low levels. However, always seek doctors’ advice before supplemental testosterone.
References
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/andropause/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3412231/
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.712237/full
https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-testosterone#benefits